Roots of Style: Radicals of Latin (& Greek) in English (JVS)

INSTRVMENTVM L ITTERARVM


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Roots of Style:
A Guide to Latin & Greek Elements in English

Professor John B. Van Sickle, Brooklyn College, City University of New York [ jvsickle@brooklyn.cuny.edu]

Contents [clickable links]

Preface: concepts to use for analysis
I. Review Through Time [diachronic]: Latin into English via...
        A. Celts & Romans
        B. Roman church
        C. Normans (Old French)
        D. Renaissance
II. Contemporary [synchronic: what we use now]
        A. Prefixes
        B. Suffixes
        C. Other Metonymic Engines & Tools
        D. Selected Roots & their Compounds .
III. Greek in English
IV. Bibliographic Resources

Concepts of Analysis & Change in Meaning
How Words Get from Latin or Greek to English:
a Theoretical Chart
Origin supposed (reconstruction by history or theory)	REM	Rough Etymological Meaning
diachronic changes ['through time']	V I A [go- ing by way of]	MY [metonymy, 'cross name'; see also below] &/o MR [metaphor, 'cross carry, bear', see also below]	MY: specialize or generalize (zoom in or out) within a semantic field (domain), e.g. "He fathered the child" [noun 'father' crosses to work as a verb within the same. biological, domain.] MR: transfer from one domain to another, e.g., "The father of his country" [transfer from biological to political domain Whitehouse
synchronic usage ['contemporary']	CM	Current Meaning]

Basic Consonants & Part of Mouth Where Made
Mouth Part	technical (latinate) term	voiceless (plain/aspirate)	voiced (plain/aspirate
lips	labial	p / ph ('pi' / 'phi' in Greek, cf. English 'p' in 'spin' / 'pin')	b / *bh	* not used to mark meaning in English
teeth	dental	t / *th	d / *dh
throat	guttural	k / ch	g / *gh

I. Review through Time (Diachrony :) When Paths & Roots Crossed [back to top]

CAPITAL LETTERS distinguish words or roots that English got from Latin.

[For examples of roots, see Part II.C below].

> signiFIes "gotten from": for example, VERB [English] > VERBum [Latin].

>MY> signiFIes "begotten VIA metonymy," a Greek term meaning "change of name" & describing a common FIGure of speech & thought by which we use the name of a part, attribute, or adjunct of something to signiFY the thing itself, e.g., "the White House" or "the Kremlin" or "the Vatican" for a bureaucracy or adMINIStration; or in Latin, Palatium ("Palatine hill") to reFER to "the dwelling of the Roman emperors on the Palatine hill" hence by metaphor (Greek for "transfer") palatium gets used to refer to "any grand dwelling: palace, palais, palazzo, palacio."
[back to concepts]

com’pact (n): noun marked by accent on first syllable.

compact’ (a&v): adjective & verb marked by accent on second syllable.

cf. stands for Latin c(on)f(er), "compare" & points to similar cases.

e.g. stands for Latin e(xempli) g(rati?), "for example’s sake."

q.v. stands for Latin q(uod) v(ide), "which see": it tells you to look for the item so marked under its own listing elsewhere in this guide.

Underlining marks words that English gets from Greek.
[back to top]

A. Celts (Britons) Contacted & Conquered by Romans... 55 BCE-410 CE

...& by Jutes, Saxons, Angles (West Germans) 449-547 CE.

Cf. Julius Caesar, Claudius, Hadrian; {Hengis & Horsa}, King Alfred (849-899).[The following is an ample sample of words reTRACeable to these con’TACTs; cf. in II.D below the roots QUER-/QUEST-, TANG-/TACT- & TRAH-/TRACT-.] 1. Con’tacts through Commerce

CHALK > calx, CALCis, cf. calculus >MY> calculus ("pebble").

CHEAP, cf. chapman, chap >MY> caupo ("shop, inn").

CHEESE > caseus .

COOK > coquus ;

KITCHEN > coquina.

MILL > molina ;

CHERRY > cerasum .

MONGER > mango ("trader").

POUND >MY> PONDus ("weight"; £ > libra, "12 ounces; a balance").

WINE > vinum .

2. Conquest & Rule [cf. QUER- & REG-

CHESTER, cf. Lancaster, et al.d > castra ("camp, settlement").

STREET, cf. Stratford > VIA strata ("paved road").

MILE >MY> mille passuum ("a thousand of paces").

PORT > PORTus.

WALL > vallum .
[back to top]

B. Rome (<MY<CatholicChurch ) Sends MISSionaries 597 CE. Augustine founds cathedral at Canterbury.

CANDLE > candela >MY>CAND- "shine".

CHAPTER >MY> CAPUT, CAPITis ("head").

CREED >MY> CREDo ("I believe in...").

CROSS >MY> crux, crucis ("cross").

DIGHT ("compose, equip") >MY> DICTare ("say").

FOUNT, cf. font >MY> fons, FONTis ("spring, fountain").

JOHN > Iohannes [Latin] > Y?h?n?n [Hebrew, "God is gracious"].

MASS, cf. missal >MY> MITto, MISSum ("send").

PALL >MY> PALLa ("cloak").

POLE, cf. pale > palus ("stake").

SHRIVE >MY> SCRIBere ("write").

SPEND >MY> exPENDere, disPENDere ("weigh out").

VERSE >MY> VERTere, VERSum ("turn"). [back to top]

C. The Norman Impact: O(ld) Fr(ench) 1000 (1066)-1363 CE. [a few seLECTed from many; hard C from Picardy dialect, soft CH from Paris] 1. 1363: English made language of law ,[most of the forms & functions of courtroom & trial practice still today].

ACCUSE > accuser [OFr] > acCUSare > ad causam ("call to trial").

JUDGE > juge > judex (jurem DIC: "say the law", cf. DICT -).

PLAINTIFF > plaintif [OFr] >MY> PLANGere, planctus ("lament") & -ivus (q.v. below, II.B.1.a, suffixes).

2. Warfare

ASSAULT >MY> assalt [OFr] >MY> ad+SALTus ("a leap at").

CAPTAIN/ CHIEFTAIN >MY> capitain, chevetaine [OFr] > CAPUT, CAPITis ("head").

GRIEF >MY> gref [OFr] > GRAVe ("heavy, sad").

PEACE > pax, PACis.

PRISON >MY> prison [OFr] > preHENSio, preHENSIONis ("seizing").

3. Royal Court , cf. cohort >MY> cort [OFr] >MY> cohors, cohortis . ESQUIRE >MY> escuyer [OFr] > scutarius ("shield-bearer").

MINISTER >MY> ministre [OFr] > MINISter ("lesser servant; slave").

REIGN > regne [OFr] > REGnum ("kingdom, rule").

STATE >MY> estat [OFr] >MY> STATum, stare ("to stand").

4. The Arts [e.g., color, design, image, paint, portrait; chisel, cloister, mortar, plumb] BEAUTY > biaute [OFr] > bellus, cf. embellish.

FIGURE >MY> figure [OFr] > FIGura ("shape").

5. Ordinary Life CATTLE >MY> CAPUT, CAPITis ("head").

CORDIAL >MY> cordial [OFr] > CORD- ("heart") + AL ("of, pertaining to").

BEEF >MY> bos, BOVis ("cow"), cf. bovine.

BETRAY >MY> TRADere ("hand over"), cf. tradition, treason.

PORK > porcus ("pig").

SKIRT, shirt, short >MY> exCURTus ("cut off"), cf. curt.

SWINE > suinus > sus ("sow"). [back to top]

D. The Rebirth of Classical Culture (Renaissance):(c14 Italy) England, c15 to Present. Scholars draw directly on Latin, though often reshaping words into French form. 1. Doublets: Synonyms from Latin for English [few from many examples!] to behead / deCAPITate, cf. de- & -ate.

to cloak / PALLIate, cf. -ate.

to foresee / proVIDE, cf. pro.

small / diMINUTive, cf. dis- & -ive-.

2. Supplements where English Lacks Adjective ear & AURal: > auris, aur + al ("of, pertaining to," q.v.).

head & CAPITal > caput, CAPITis.

mind & MENTal > mens, MENT + al (q.v.).

lip & LABIAL > lab+al: in phonetics, sound produced by lips [p/b//ph/bh].

tooth & DENTal > dens, DENT +al: sound produced by teeth [t/d//th/dh].

throat & GUTTURal >GUTTUR+al: sound made in throat [k/g//kh/gh].

3. Synonyms Doubling Earlier French Loans aBRIDGE / abBREVIate > ad + brevi + -at- ("to" + "short" + "to do or make").

agGRIEVE / agGRAVate > ad + GRAV + ATE.

CHANT / CANT > cantare, cf. CHARM > charme > carmen (sc. *canmen).

FASHion / FACTion >MY> FACT+ION ("make"+"process of").

FRAIL / FRAGILE >MY> FRAG+ILE ("break"+"tending to").

MANURE / MANEUVER >MY> MANU + OPERari ("hand"+"work"): (1) "cultivate by hand" <MY< "make productive" <MY< "fertilize" & "dung" (cf. Ital. letame >MY> laetus [Latin], "fertile, enriched with dung"); (2) in war, handle troops, manipulate & a tactical move.

PURSUE / PROSECUTE > SEQUi ("to follow").

MAYOR / MAJOR >MY> major (comparative, "greater," of magnus, "great").

TRAIT / TRACT >MY> TRACT- ("drawing"): cf. portrait, protract.

4. Triplets at Different Stages from French hostel, hotel, hospital

reason, ration, ratio, cf. ratiocination

5. Via French & Italian CHIVALRY / CAVALRY > caballus ("horse"): cavallo [Ital], cheval [OFr], cf. cavalier.

CABBAGE >MY> caboche [OFr] >MY> capuccio [Ital] > CAPUT ("head").

CARNIVAL > carnevale [Ital] ?>MY>? CARNelevamen ("removal of meat" sc. for Lent), but understood as carne vale ("farewell meat").

6. Maestri di musica gli Italiani E.g., duet, extravaganza, falsetto, forte, fortissimo, finale, gusto, opera, oratorio, piano, quartet, prima donna, solo, soprano, stanza, virtuoso, 7. Dall’Iberia alligator >MY> el lagarto [Sp] > lacertus ("lizard" also > lacertus!).

armada > armada >MY> armata ("armed"), cf. armadillo.

comrade (camera ); desperado; mosquito; peccadillo; renegade.

SASSAFRAS (saxiFRAGa , "rock"+"break," cf. saxifrage.

SOMERSAULT > SOBERSAULT > soubresault [Fr] & sobresalto [Sp] > supra- SALTum ("over"+"leap").

MOLASSES > melaço [Por] >MY> mellaceum ("must") > mel +aceum ("honey"+"like, consisting of").
[back to top]

II. Contemporary (Synchronic ) English: AnatomicalAnalysis as a Tool [back to top] Break apart ( analyze) comPOUND words into their comPONents in order to FIGure out history & signiFICance. Stay alert for slippage of sound (phonetic transFER) & sense (metonymy). The basic form of compounds (cf. POND below) is as follows:

prefix(es) + root(s) + suffix(es).

WARNING (adMONITion): only a few examples could be seLECTed to inCLUDe here, enough, perhaps, to conVEY an idea of the pervasive CROSSings & transFORMations ("across+form+process of," cf. metamorphosis, metonymy, metaphor, metaphonetics ) that have ocCURred & that will conTINue ("keep on") to ocCUR in ACTive use. [Underlining again means "gotten from Greek."]
[back to top]

A. Prefixes: Specifying & Sharpening Point. ab-, a-, abs- ("away, from").

ad- ("to, toward"), but assimilates to consonants: abb-, acc-, aff-, agg-, all-, ann-, app-, acq-, arr-, ass- (assimilate), att-.

ante ("before" in time & space): antiCIPate ("take beforehand").

circum ("around"), cf. circa ("about"), circle, circus; circumSPECT.

com- ("with, together"), con-, co-, coll-, corr-: conSPICuous.

contra- ("against"): e.g. contraFACTual, counterFEIT; contraDICT.

de- ("down from, off, utterly"): e.g. deCEIT > deCEPTum > CAPTum ("seized, taken"); deform; defer ("carry from").

dis-, di- ("apart" also negative): disPENSe, diRECT, despair ("not hope"), diVERSe; disreSPECT; disafFECT.

e-, ex-, ec-, eff-("out, from, completely"): efFECT; exTRACT, eDICT.

extra ("outside, beyond").

in- ("in, into, toward"), assimilates to ill-, imm-: illustrate, immigrate; inscribe.

in- ("not"): inefFICient, insipid ("not tasty"), cf. Homo sapiens.

inter- ("between, between times"): interMITTent, interMISSion; interCEDe.

intra- ("within") modern coinage: intramural.

intro- ("within"): introDUCe, introSPECTive.

ob-, occ-, off-, opp- ("toward, across, against"): obVIous, obVIAte; ocCUR; ofFICe; opPOSE.

per- ("through, thoroughly, wrongly"): perFECT, perVERSe; perDITion..

post- ("behind, after"): postSCRIPT.

prae-, pre- ("before, in front of"): preFER (v), preLATE (n); preview (VID).

praeter ("beyond"): praeternatural, preterITe.

pro-, prod-, por- ("forth, for"): proDUCe, proDUCT; proPEND, proPENSity; proSECUTe.

re-, red- ("back, again"): review (VID), reFER, reLATE (v), receive, receptor.

retro- ("backwards"): retroSPECTive.

se-, sed- ("aside, away"): sePARate, sedITion, seCEDe.

sub-, sus- ("under, up from, underhanded"): subSCRIBe, susPEND, subVERT.

subter- ("below"): subterfuge.

super- ("over"): superFICial, superVISe.

trans-, tra- ("across"): transFER, transLATE; traDUCe.
[back to top]

B. Suffixes: Metonymies Transfer & Fix New Meaning. A powerful (potent, dynamic) tool of metonymic & metaphoric transFORMation & transFER is the sufFIX ("up under"+"fasten, fix" > *dheigh [I(ndo)-E(uropean)], cf. dygtì, "sharpen to a point," degtì "fix" [Lith], & FIG-, q.v.).

Suffixes may make adjectives from verbs or nouns, nouns from adjectives or verbs. They are a quintessentially metonymic tool.

1. Adjectives VIA Suffixes ad- (q.v.) + ject- ("throw," cf. jet) + iv- (q.v.). a. Getting Adjectives from Verbs. -acious (-ax- "doing" [> ac+s, cf. AG-] + -osus [q.v. I.B.1.b]): CAPacious, cf. CAPacity [> itas, q.v. I.B.2.a].

-ble (-bilis ) "able, capable, causing": CAPable, compreHENSible, CREDible.

-id (-idus ) "inclined to": rapid, rabid, insipid, languid, tepid, vapid, vivid.

-ile (-ilis ) "tending to, able": DOCile, TACTile, SESSile; preHENSile.

-itious (-icius ) "of the nature of, characterized by": FACTitious, FICTitious.

-ive, -iff [Fr] (- ivus ) "tending to, trying to": ACTive, appreHENSive.

-ory (-orius ) "tending to, related": auditory, ambulatory, predatory.

b. Getting Adjectives VIA Suffix from Nouns. -al (-alis ) "of, like, belonging to": capital, fractional, positional, fractal (<MY>n).

-an, -ane (-anus ) "of, like, characteristic of": URBan, URBane.

-ar, -ary (-aris , -arius;), after "l" in one of last two syllables, for -al (q.v.): lunar, solar, solitary.

-ic (-icus , cf. -ic > -ikos, [Grk], physic) "-ish, -like": CIVic, LUDic.

-ile, il- (-ilis ) "-ish, -like": SERVile, CIVil.

-ine (-inus ) "-ish, - like": PORCine, BOVine, OVine, CAPRine.

-lent (-lentus ) "-ly, -ful": corpulent, violent, virulent.

-ose, -ous (- osus) "-y, -ful": verbose, CAPacious, ofFICious

2. Nouns VIA Suffixes > nomen, NOMINis ("name"): cf. nominal, nominate. a . Getting Nouns VIA Suffix from Adjectives. -ice, -esse [OFr] (-itia) "-ness": service; duress, largess.

-itude (-itudo ) "-ness": magnitude, finitude, aptitude.

-ity (-itas ) "-ness": BREVity, CAPacity, MAJORity, MINORity.

b. Getting Nouns VIA Suffix from Adjectives or Nouns. -arium, -ary (- arium) "place for": aquarium, herbarium, aviary, salary.

-ia, -y (-ia ) "-hood, -ness": militia.

-ism (-ismus ) "state of, belief in, doctrine of": paciFICism.

-ist (-ista "one who believes, practices": paciFICist.

-mony (-monium ) "-hood, -dom": patrimony, matrimony, testimony, acrimony.

c . Getting Nouns via Suffix from Verbs. -ble, -cle (- bulum, -bula, -culum) "place, result, means": STAble, reCEPTacle.

-ion (-ionis ) "act or result of": ACTion, FICTion, FRACTion,POSITion, SESSion.

-men, -ment (- men, -mentum) "act, state, means, result": SPECimen; REGiment, FRAGment; DOCument; MONument; PIGment; STAmen; adVERTizement.

-or (-or) "he who or that which performs": ACTor, CAPTor, CANTor, CREDITor, CURSor, DICTATor, FACTor, RECTor, ex(cS)ECUTor, inSPECTor, TRACTor; oviPOSITor; motor..

-or (-or) "-ness": CANDor, languor,

-orium, -ory (- orium) "place for": auditorium, dormitory.

-rix (-rix ) "she who performs": matrix, dominatrix.

-ure(-ura ) "act or result of": CAPTure, manuFACTure, FRACTure, GRAVure, POSTure, SCRIPTure, STATure.
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C. Other Metonymic Engines & Tools. DifFERent parts of the Latin verb proDUCe adjectives & nouns diRECTly as well as verbs. CAPITals refer to roots listed below (I.D).

1. Verbs Transformed into Nouns

E.g. ACT, AGent, audit, CANT, CHANT, CREDO, DICTUM, DUCT, FACT, POSIT, status, stratum, street [q.v.]; use (v: s as in ooze), use (n: s as in noose). 2. Verbs Transformed into Adjectives (present participles: "-ing") inCANDescent, efFICient, interMITTent, PLANGent, imPORTant, regent, reSULTant, TANGent, inadVERTent.
[back to top] D. SeLECTed Roots & Their ComPOUNDs. For most verbs, two stems yield compounds: PRESENT/PERFECT PASSIVE [from Latin] (parentheses show variant forms that passed through French).

AG-/ACT- "push ahead, drive": agent (n), agenda (n), agile (a); act (n&v), active (a), action; proactive; react; cf. -acious, -acity.

BREV- ("short"): abbreviate (v).

CALC- "chalk": calculus ("little pebble"); calc, calciFY (v), calcareous.

CAND- "shine": cf. candid, candor, incandescent.

CAP-/CAPT- (-CEIVE/-CEIT, Fr) "grab, get": caitiff, captive; anticipate; conceive, concept, conception; deceive, deception, deceptive; receive, receipt, re’cipe, reception.

CAPUT/CAPIT- "head": cattle, chattel, capital; chief, chef; decapitate.

CANT- (-CENT-) "sing": charm, chant (n&v), cant, descant, cantata; ac’cent (n), accent’ (v); enchant, incentive.

CED-/CESS- "go": accede, accession, deaccession; proceed, procedure, process, procession; re’cess (n), recess’ (v).

CLUD-/CLUS- "close": include, preclude, reclusive

CRED-/CREDIT- "believe": credo, credit (n&v), accredit accreditation, discredit, creditor.

CUR-/CURS- (COURS-) "run": course, current, curriculum, curricular; cursive; occurrence; recur, recourse, recursive, recursion [the only way to get the most good, sc. the best, from this guide!!].

CUS- (>CAUS-) "cause": cause, accuse, excuse (v: s=z), excuse (n: s=ss), recuse.

DIC-/DICT- "say": dictate (n&v); ad’dict (n), addict’ (v), addiction; contradict; edict; predict.

DOC-/DOCT- "show, teach": doctor, document.

-FIC/FACT- (-FY/-FECT) "make": pacify, fact, factual; af’fect (n), affect’ (v); confection; de’fect (n), defect’ (v); deficient; effect (n&v), efficient; counterfeit; infect; per’fect (a), perfect’ (v), perfection.

FIG-/FICT- "make, contrive": figure (n&v), feign, feint, figment; fiction, fictive.

FONT- "spring": fount, fountain, font.

FRAG-/FRACT- "break": fragment, fringe; fracture, fractious, fractal.

GRAV- "heavy": grieve, grievance, grief; grave (n&a); aggravate.

HEND-/HENS "get in hand": apprehend, apprehensive; comprehend, comprehensive; prehensile.

-IT "go": itinerary, iterate, reiterate; preterite; transit, transition.

LEG-/LECT "choose, pick; read": lesson; lectionary; legend, legible; colleague, college, collect; elegant, elect; select, selective.

LUD-/LUS- "play": ludic, ludicrous; allude (n), allusive (a), allusion (n); collude; delude; elude; illude; interlude (n), prelude (n), postlude (n).

MANU- "hand": manual, manuFACTure, manipulate, manure [q.v.], manuMIT.

MIN- "less": minus, minor, minimum, minimal, minimalist; minister; minimize.

MIT-/MISS- "send": missile; ad’mit (n), admit’ (v), admission; commit (v), commission; demit, dimission; remit, remission, remiss (a).

MON-/MONIT- "remind, warn": monument, adMONish, adMONITion; preMONITion.

PAC- (PANG-/PACT-) "to fasten, put together": peace, pacific, pacify; pact, com’pact (n), compact’ (a&v); im’pact (n), impact’ (v).

PING- (PIG-)/PICT- "to paint": pigment, paint, depict, picture.

PLANG-/PLANCT "lament": plaint (n), plaintiff, plaintive; complaint (n), complain (v); plangent (a).

PON-/POSIT- (POST-) "put": posit (v), position(n&v); component (a&n), compose (v), proponent, propose; opponent, oppose.

POND-/PEND-/PENS- "weigh, hang": pound, pend, pendent (a&n); append, appendix; compound (n&v), compendious, compensate; expend, expensive; depend, dependent (a&n), dispense, dispensary, dispensation, dispendious.

PORT- "carry": comport, comportment; deport, export, import.

QUAER-(QUER-, QUIR-)/QUAEST- (QUEST-, QUIST-) "seek, try, earn": query, question, querulous; acquire, acquisition, acquisitive; inquest, inquisition.

REG-/RECT- "rule": reign, realm; regent, regimen, regime; rule, ruler, regular, regulate; rector, rectitude, correct, direct, rectify;

SAL-/SALT- (SIL-/SULT-) "leap": salient; assail, assault; exult, insult; resilient, result; somersault.

SCRIB-/SCRIPT- "write": scribe, script, scripture; ascribe, conscript (n&v), describe, description; inscribe, inscription.

SED-/SESS- "sit": sediment, sedate; session, sessile.

SEQU-/SECUT- "follow": sequel, sequence, suite; consequence, consecutive; execute, executive; sue, ensue; persecute; prosecute, prosecutor.

SPEC-/SPECT- (SPIC) "sight": species, spectator, speculate; conspicuous; despite; inspect; sus’pect (n), suspect’ (v), suspicious (a), suspicion (n).

STAT- "stand": status, station; rest, restive; stanza, stanch, stanchion, stet (proof-reading mark in margin: "let it stay").

TANG-/TACT- "touch": tangible, tangent; tact, tactile; con’tact (n), contact’ (v).

TRAH-/TRACT- "draw, drag": trait, portrait; treat, treatable, treatment, treaty, treatise; tract, tractor, traction; attract (v), attraction (n), attractive (a); con’tract (n), contract’ (v), contraction; protract, protractor.

VERT-/VERS- "turn": verse, version, vertigo; averse (a); advert (v), advertize, adverse (a); con’vert (n), convert’ (v), converse (n&a); obverse; per’vert (n), pervert’ (v), perverse (a); revert (v), reverse (n&v); transverse.

VID-/VIS- "see": q.v., video; visible, vision; purvey, provide, provision; advise, advisor; revise, revision; supervise.

VIA- "way": convey, convoy; deviate; previous, obvious, obviate.
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III. Greek in English E.g., analysis, anatomy; anthroplogy, anthropocentric, theology; basic; Bible, bibliophile, bibliopole; catholic, church, cathedral, catalogue, decalogue; characteristic; chronology, diachronic, synchronic; etymology; genome, glossary; history; idea; metamorphosis, metonymy, metaphor; philology, philosophy, phonetics, physics, physician; typography, typology, topography, geology, ecology, economics, eccentric, anomie.
[back to top] IV. Bibliographic References Burriss, Eli E. & Lionel Casson (second edition by L.C.). Latin and Greek in CURRent Use (Prentice-Hall 1949).

Greenough, James B. & George L. Kittredge. Words and their Ways in English Speech (Macmillan 1901).

Johnson, Edwin L. Latin Words of Common English (D. C. Heath 1931).

Partridge, Eric. Origins. A Short Etymological DICTionary of Modern English (Greenwich House 1983).

Watkins, Calvert. (second edition) The American Heritage DICTionary of Indo-European Roots (Houghton-Mifflin 2000).

An internet search proDUCed the following reSULTs: GO TO www.google.com

SEARCH ON ‘greek latin roots’ produced about 107 addresses

[sc. U(niversal) R(esource) L(ocator)s for sites on the World Wide Web].

SEARCH ON ‘etymology english’ produced about 79,400 URLs.

SEARCH ON ‘greek latin roots in english’ produced about 39,800 URLs.

Among the sites found & visited: http://www.spellingdoctor.com/ref8.asp

It advertises a dictionary & numerous pamphlets that include thousands of words deriving from Latin & Greek.
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E-mail Professor Van Sickle

Designed in Century fonts by JBVS; started 96/01/03, revised 02/02/22.